Governments are often more eager to invest in physical infrastructure — such as roads, bridges and airports — than in human capital, through channels like health care, education and skills training. This can be good politics because it enables leaders to deliver concrete, visible results over the course of a few years. But the best way to ensure that economies grow and prosper in the long term is to ensure that citizens are healthy and educated. With technology’s continuing advance, this is becoming easier for governments to achieve. As the Fourth Industrial Revolution transforms some sectors (notably manufacturing) and creates new fields (such as robotics, 3D printing and autonomous vehicles), it is also enabling new approaches to health care and education. Already, technology has proved effective for lowering costs, expanding access and improving quality in both the education and health care fields. The internet and mobile phone technology have enabled scarce medical specialists to serve patients in remote places using telemedicine, and facilitated the rise of distance-learning university campuses, giving students everywhere access to professors who previously were available only to those in major cities or on university campuses. Many individuals in developed countries have taken to wearing watches or bracelets that measure their activity, heart rate and sleep quality. By fostering a greater awareness of their physical condition, such devices spur people to adopt healthier habits, potentially reducing their risk of chronic disease — a major contributor to health care costs worldwide. But these devices have even greater potential to improve health, and today’s innovators are using cutting-edge technology to build on these successes. Unlike traditional patient records, stored in individual doctors’ offices, the data collected by such “wearables” are aggregated and analyzed. This can improve diagnostics, while helping to compensate for skills shortages in medical labor markets. The Singapore-based company Tricog Health, for example, has developed algorithms to read electrocardiograms, flagging problem cases for doctors. This efficiency-boosting technology — which enables doctors to initiate treatment within minutes instead of hours — is already proving useful in India, where hospitals often suffer from a lack of trained cardiologists. Big Data analytics and machine learning also enable greater personalization of health services. Among other things, these technologies can help in treating noncommunicable diseases like diabetes and cancer, which are fast becoming the biggest health care challenge facing emerging economies. Similarly, innovators in online learning — a $165 billion sector that is growing 5 percent per year — are using disruptive technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) to develop advanced tutoring tools and improve personalization. For example, BYJU’S, a learning app and a client of the International Finance Corporation (IFC), has taken advantage of new technologies to make high-quality math and science tutoring available to K-12 students who would otherwise be excluded because they live in remote areas or have limited mobility. In higher education, massive open online course (MOOC) platforms offer the flexibility workers need to pursue the lifelong learning required by the 21st-century labor market. One such platform is Coursera (also an IFC client), which works with universities and other organizations to offer online courses. After its launch in 2012, Coursera worked hard to expand into the developing world. By 2015, almost half of the platform’s subscribers were located in emerging markets. Like other MOOC platforms, Coursera’s business model continues to evolve. Most recently, it added upskilling services for enterprises and it has been forging partnerships with traditional campus-based institutions to develop online degrees. Six years ago, when IFC, seeking to mobilize early financial support for startups offering products relevant to emerging markets, first dipped its toes in edtech waters, the path to commercial sustainability was far from clear. Now, however, edtech companies have successfully developed profitable, scalable business models that can be applied elsewhere. Since its founding in 2011, for example, BYJU’S has become a major global player with more than 2 million subscribers, 30 million app downloads, and a valuation of more than $5 billion. As we work with the private sector to close gaps in access to quality health care and education in emerging economies, such success stories provide useful models. Of course, using technology to transform education and health care carries some risks. Safeguarding the privacy of patient records and student test scores must be a top priority. And no one should think that AI-enabled diagnostic tools will displace doctors, or that online learning platforms should supplant teachers, especially when it comes to developing the socio-emotional skills that tomorrow’s job market will demand. But the potential benefits of disruptive technologies for economic growth, sustainability and human wellbeing are simply too great to pass up. Considering the payoff from today’s investments in these areas — particularly in emerging economies — the risks are undoubtedly worth taking.