The first is what was reported by the historian, Ibrahim Bin Saleh Bin Isa, in the book titled “The history of some realistic incidents in Najd.” He stated that the Emirate of Al-Watban, the branch that controlled power in Diriyah before Muhammad Bin Saud assumed power, was characterized by “violence and bloodshed.” So internal conflicts and division were one of the hallmarks of the emirate. But the rule of Muhammad Bin Saud put an end to these conflicts and emerged as a key factor of stability, as his authority was consensual over his predecessors, which contributed to the creation of authority with broad legitimacy. This consensus, which is derived from personal factors and social prestige, in addition to the shifting of most of the members of Al-Watban to Al-Zubayr area, has contributed to the unification of the divided town. This represented a second factor that can be considered as symbolic of the beginning of its establishment, as the new prince offered in the beginning of his reign in the 1720s to unite the two parts of Diriyah – Al-Mulaybid, which belonged to the Muqrin family, and Qusaiba, which was inhabited by the Rabiah family. These domestic efforts were what historians relied on to justify the scarcity of information about his early years, because he devoted himself to building at home. However, this did not prevent him from exercising influence over his region, as history recorded several pieces of evidence that were indicative of the authority that Diriyah now enjoys in its region. Ibn Bashar gives an account about the killing of Zaid Bin Markhan, who was succeeded by Muhammad Bin Saud. Ibn Bashar narrated the story of the war between Diriyah and Uyayna, saying that several tribes were part of the Diriyah alliance, and that those killed in the ambush of Ibn Muammar also included several notables and sheikhs who accompanied Zaid. This was not the only incident in which the extent of the influence and alliances formed by Diriyah within its surroundings became clear. Rather, Muhammad Bin Saud established stable relations with the neighboring emirates, as in the case of its support to appoint Daham Bin Dawas as governor of Riyadh after he seized power but its people refused to obey him. He was also successful in creating stability in the relationship with Uyayna. Historical contexts of the religious alliance The tribal and policy dimensions of the establishment of the first Saudi state shaped the historical context where there was a harmonious relationship between state and religion. Prince Muhammad Bin Saud’s rule lasted for 40 years, from 1727 to 1765. In the first part, he exercised an unparalleled rule over the region of Al-Arid, which went beyond Diriyah with influence over neighboring towns and tribes loyal to the Muqrin family. As for the second part, it can be documented from 1744, the date of his meeting with Muhammad Bin Abdul Wahhab, to start what was termed the “wars of unification” and its extension to Oman and Yemen in the south and even Iraq in the north. This is what the classic reading of history considers the foundation of the state. But absent from this reading were the factors that made the religious call made by Muhammad Bin Abdul Wahhab through Muhammad Bin Saud successful, while the Sheikh’s first experience with Othman Bin Muammar, the ruler of Uyayna, was a failure. In the details of what was published by Othman Bin Bishr, one of the most prominent historians of the country, we find details of what preceded the meeting. He said that the Sheikh, who was residing in Huraymila, then moved to Uyayna and offered his call to its emir Othman Bin Muammar, who accepted it and pledged to support him before he changed his mind under the pressures of the great ruling political entity in Al-Ahsa, who was exercising influence over the authority of Ibn Muammar in Najd. Subsequently, Bin Muammar ordered Muhammad Bin Abdul Wahhab to leave his emirate of Uyayna. As for the second experience, it was in Diriyah, where the Sheikh moved after being summoned by its Emir Muhammad Bin Saud. Here the Sheikh made the same offer and then agreed on the limits of the relationship between religion and the state in the famous charter which says: “Therefore, Ibn Saud wanted to have a covenant and pact between him and the proponent of dawa. He said to him: Oh Sheikh, this is the religion of God and there is no doubt about His Messenger. And I give glad tidings of victory to you and for what I have commanded, and to wage jihad against those who oppose monotheism. I also want to put forward two conditions. Firstly, if we support you and carry out jihad in the way of God and if God brings you and me victories over countries, I fear that you will leave us and replace us with others.” Muhammad Bin Saud feared that the Sheikh might move to the presence of another emir, as in the case of his move from Uyayna to Diriyah. Secondly, I have a code of law in Diriyah, under which what the weak give to the strong to protect and defend him, I will take it from them at the time of harvest, and I am afraid that you will say: do not take anything from them. It was known that the Sheikh has forbidden taxes. But he replied, “Oh, Prince, as for the first, extend your hand; blood for blood and demolition for demolition. As for the second, perhaps God would give you victories. So God will compensate you from the spoils that is better than that wealth. Then Muhammad Bin Saud extended his hand and pledged allegiance to Muhammad Bin Abdul Wahhab...” (The History of Najd by Othman Bin Bishr). There was a divergence of opinion among historians on whether the Sheikh moved to Diriyah on his own and offered Imam Muhammad Bin Saud his dawa or the imam summoned him. Anyhow the result is the same. The Sheikh made his dawa to the two towns of Uyayna and Diriyah. Another thing that can be seen from the charter is that it was an agreement on the limits of religious interference in the political system. The Diriyah Pact also gave legitimacy to the expansion of the state. However, excluding 17 eventful years of the state after its founding was an aberrated historical narrative based on a religious story. In announcing the Founding Day, the Royal Court noted that the age of the first Saudi state was from 1727 to 1818, and then it was followed by the second Saudi state after seven years from 1824 to 1891. The third state of modern Saudi Arabia came into being after 10 years at the hands of King Abdul Aziz in 1902.