Beneath the surface of Iraq’s oil-driven economy lies a critical issue: the urgent need to diversify. Relying heavily on the oil and gas sectors exposes the country to the volatile fluctuations of global oil prices and hinders its potential for sustainable growth. Now more than ever, accelerating the pace of economic diversification is not just a choice but a necessity for Iraq’s future prosperity. The World Bank echoes this sentiment, emphasizing the need for Iraq to break free from its oil dependency and embrace a more diversified economic landscape. Over the past decade, oil revenues have accounted for a staggering 99 percent of exports, 85 percent of the government’s budget and 42 percent of gross domestic product. Such heavy reliance on a single commodity leaves Iraq vulnerable to macroeconomic shocks, straining its fiscal flexibility and inhibiting its ability to weather economic downturns. To truly realize its economic potential and foster long-term stability, Iraq can take several important steps. First of all, it ought to prioritize industries outside of the oil and gas sectors. By investing in sectors such as agriculture, tourism, manufacturing and technology, Iraq can lay the foundations for a more resilient and inclusive economy. One of the most promising avenues for diversification is agriculture. With its fertile lands, Iraq has the potential to become a regional powerhouse in agricultural production. But this requires the modernization of farming practices, investment in irrigation infrastructure and support for small farmers. This way, Iraq can not only reduce its reliance on food imports but also create a wealth of employment opportunities in rural areas. The tourism sector presents significant untapped potential for economic growth. Iraq boasts a rich cultural heritage, with historical sites dating back thousands of years. By investing in tourism infrastructure, promoting cultural preservation and enhancing security measures, Iraq can attract a steady influx of tourists from around the globe, generating revenue and creating jobs in hospitality, transport and other related industries. Manufacturing is another area ripe for development in Iraq. By leveraging its skilled workforce and strategic geographic location, Iraq can establish itself as a manufacturing hub for the region. From textiles and garments to electronics and automotive parts, there is immense potential for the country to diversify its exports and capture a larger share of global trade. In addition, the technology sector holds promise as a driver of innovation and economic growth. By investing in digital infrastructure, promoting entrepreneurship and fostering collaboration with international tech companies, Iraq can position itself at the forefront of the digital revolution, creating high-value jobs and driving productivity gains across the economy. However, realizing the full potential of economic diversification will require concerted efforts from both the public and private sectors. In other words, the government can implement supportive policies, such as tax incentives for investment, streamlined regulatory processes and investment in education and skills development. Meanwhile, the private sector must seize opportunities for innovation and entrepreneurship, leveraging Iraq’s abundant resources and untapped potential. With its fertile lands, Iraq has the potential to become a regional powerhouse in agricultural production. Dr. Majid Rafizadeh This also requires enhancing the business environment and promoting entrepreneurship, which will be critical in fostering a culture of innovation and enterprise. By reducing bureaucratic hurdles, improving access to finance and providing support for startups and small businesses, Iraq can unleash the creativity and ingenuity of its people, driving economic growth and job creation across the country. Furthermore, attracting foreign investments will be crucial in fueling the diversification process. International partnerships can bring in much-needed capital, expertise and technology, accelerating the growth of non-oil sectors and facilitating knowledge transfer. Organizations like the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, which Iraq became a member of last month, have already expressed interest in supporting Iraq’s economic diversification efforts, particularly in the banking sector, as part of a broader strategy for holistic economic and private sector growth. Moreover, Iraq can explore diversification into renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power. With ample sunlight throughout the year and vast open spaces, Iraq has the potential to harness solar energy on a large scale. By investing in solar infrastructure and incentivizing the adoption of renewable energy technologies, Baghdad can reduce its carbon footprint, mitigate the impact of climate change and create new opportunities in the green economy. In addition, investing in education and skills development will be essential to equip the workforce with the capabilities needed for a diversified economy. By expanding access to quality education, vocational training and lifelong learning opportunities, Iraq can empower its people to thrive in emerging industries and adapt to evolving market demands. Ultimately, the benefits of economic diversification extend far beyond reducing the country’s reliance on oil revenues. By creating a more diverse and dynamic economy, Iraq can foster greater resilience to external shocks, reduce unemployment, alleviate poverty and promote social inclusion. Moreover, economic diversification can lay the foundation for a more sustainable and prosperous future for all Iraqis, unlocking new opportunities for growth and prosperity across the nation. In conclusion, Iraq stands at a critical juncture in its economic development journey. By embracing economic diversification, it can chart a course toward greater stability, prosperity and resilience. Through strategic investments in agriculture, tourism, manufacturing, technology, renewable energy, education and entrepreneurship, Iraq can unlock new avenues for growth, create jobs and build a brighter future for generations to come. With determination and much effort, Iraq can indeed transform its economy and pave the way for a more prosperous tomorrow. • Dr. Majid Rafizadeh is a Harvard-educated Iranian American political scientist. X: @Dr_Rafizadeh