In resolution 49/1, dated 4 March 2022, the Human Rights Council condemned the human rights violations and abuses and violations of international humanitarian law resulting from the aggression against Ukraine by the Russian Federation and decided to establish an Independent International Commission of Inquiry to investigate all alleged violations and abuses of human rights and violations of international humanitarian law, and related crimes. The Commission has determined that the use of armed force by the Russian Federation against Ukraine was an act of aggression as defined in General Assembly resolution 3314 (XXIX). The present report is a detailed account of all the evidence gathered and analysed by the Commission since its creation, which was presented in its March 2023 report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/52/62), and it includes a description of a select number of cases underpinning those findings. Furthermore, the present report also contains more extensive discussions of some general topics, including accountability.